home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- *************************************************
- * Neurotransmitter-gated ion-channels signature *
- *************************************************
-
- Neurotransmitter-gated ion-channels [1,2,3,4] provide the molecular basis for
- rapid signal transmission at chemical synapses. They are post-synaptic
- oligomeric transmembrane complexes that transiently form a ionic channel upon
- the binding of a specific neurotransmitter. Presently, the sequence of
- subunits from five types of neurotransmitter-gated receptors are known:
-
- - The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AchR), an excitatory cation channel.
- In the motor endplates of vertebrates, it is composed of four different
- subunits (alpha, beta, gamma and delta or epsilon) with a molar
- stoichiometry of 2:1:1:1. In neurones, the AchR receptor is composed of two
- different types of subunits: alpha and non-alpha (also called beta).
- Nicotinic AchRs are also found in invertebrates.
- - The glycine receptor, an inhibitory chloride ion channel. The glycine
- receptor is a pentamer composed of two different subunits (alpha and beta).
- - The gamma-aminobutyric-acid (GABA) receptor, which is also an inhibitory
- chloride ion channel. The quaternary structure of the GABA receptor is
- complex; at least four classes of subunits are known to exist (alpha, beta,
- gamma, and delta) and there are many variants in each class (for example:
- six variants of the alpha class have already been sequenced).
- - The serotonin 5HT3 receptor. Serotonin is a biogenic hormone that functions
- as a neurotransmitter, a hormone and a mitogen. There are seven major
- groups of serotonin receptors; six of these groups (5HT1, 5HT2, and 5HT4 to
- 5HT7) transduce extracellular signal by activating G proteins, while 5HT3
- is a ligand-gated cation-specific ion channel which, when activated causes
- fast, depolarizing responses in neurons.
- - The glutamate receptor, an excitatory cation channel. Glutamate is the main
- excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. At least three different types
- of glutamate receptors have been described and are named according to their
- selective agonists (kainate, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and quisqualate).
-
- All known sequences of subunits from neurotransmitter-gated ion-channels are
- structurally related. They are composed of a large extracellular glycosylated
- N-terminal ligand-binding domain, followed by three hydrophobic transmembrane
- regions which form the ionic channel, followed by an intracellular region of
- variable length. A fourth hydrophobic region is found at the C-terminal of the
- sequence.
-
- The sequence of subunits from the AchR, GABA, 5HT3, and Gly receptors are
- clearly evolutionary related and share many regions of sequence similarities.
- These sequence similarities are either absent or very weak in the Glu
- receptors.
-
- In the N-terminal extracellular domain of AchR/GABA/5HT3/Gly receptors, there
- are two conserved cysteine residues, which, in AchR, have been shown to form a
- disulfide bond essential to the tertiary structure of the receptor. A number
- of amino acids between the two disulfide-bonded cysteines are also conserved.
- We have therefore used this region as a signature pattern for this subclass of
- proteins.
-
- -Consensus pattern: C-x-[LIVMF]-x-[LIVMF]-x(2)-[FY]-P-x-D-x(3)-C
- [The two C's are linked by a disulfide bond]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL the ion-
- gated receptors except for glutamate receptors.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: NONE.
-
- -Note: in most AchR subunits and in GABA beta subunits, the residue N-terminal
- to the second cysteine is a N-glycosylated asparagine.
-
- -Last update: June 1994 / Pattern and text revised.
-
- [ 1] Stroud R.M., McCarthy M.P., Shuster M.
- Biochemistry 29:11009-11023(1990).
- [ 2] Betz H.
- Neuron 5:383-392(1990).
- [ 3] Dingledine R., Myers S.J., Nicholas R.A.
- FASEB J. 4:2632-2645(1990).
- [ 4] Barnard E.A.
- Trends Biochem. Sci. 17:368-374(1992).
-